Engineering Compilation: Crash Course Kids - By Crash Course Kids
Transcript
00:0-1 | Hello and welcome to our first Crash Course kids compilation | |
00:03 | video . This one is all about engineering . I | |
00:05 | know that we all want to build things , make | |
00:07 | stuff and just plain enjoy and understand the things that | |
00:10 | others have made . But how do they do it | |
00:13 | ? How do we do it ? This collection of | |
00:15 | videos will help us all understand a little more about | |
00:18 | engineers and the engineering process . So let's get started | |
00:22 | . How do we get around from place to place | |
00:24 | without having to walk everywhere ? How can we communicate | |
00:27 | with people who live far away ? These were problems | |
00:29 | that people struggled with for a long time . Until | |
00:32 | recently before there were things like cars and phones and | |
00:35 | computers and you know who solved those problems Engineers . | |
00:39 | But do you know what an engineer is ? The | |
00:45 | short answer is that an engineer is someone who wants | |
00:47 | to know how and why things work . Now I | |
00:50 | want to know how and why things work . But | |
00:52 | does that make me an engineer ? Not quite besides | |
00:55 | being naturally curious And engineer is a person who designs | |
00:58 | and builds things like machines or systems or structures that | |
01:01 | help solve a specific problem . There's more than just | |
01:04 | one type of engineer too . But no matter what | |
01:06 | type of engineer someone is , they have to ask | |
01:08 | themselves three very important questions when they're working . Number | |
01:12 | one , what is the problem that needs to be | |
01:13 | solved and number two , who has the problem that | |
01:16 | needs to be solved ? And most importantly number three | |
01:19 | , why is this problem important to solve ? Let's | |
01:21 | take a look at some examples . A really famous | |
01:28 | example of engineering is the Golden gate bridge in san | |
01:31 | Francisco California . I mentioned that there are different kinds | |
01:34 | of engineers and a civil engineer is someone who designs | |
01:37 | and constructs buildings , roads and yep bridges . For | |
01:40 | the person who designed the Golden Gate Bridge , what | |
01:42 | was the problem that they needed to solve ? People | |
01:44 | couldn't travel in or out of SAn Francisco which is | |
01:46 | surrounded on both sides by water without a boat who | |
01:49 | had the problem ? Residents of SAn Francisco mostly , | |
01:52 | but really anybody traveling in the area and why was | |
01:55 | the problem important to solve ? Well , you didn't | |
01:57 | want a whole bunch of SAn Francisco . Residents trapped | |
01:59 | in san Francisco forever , even if it is super | |
02:02 | cool city . Plus you wanted people outside of SAn | |
02:04 | Francisco to be able to travel to the city easily | |
02:07 | if they needed to . So the Golden Gate bridge | |
02:09 | was engineered as a solution to this problem . In | |
02:11 | addition to civil engineers , they're also mechanical , electrical | |
02:14 | , chemical , computer , nuclear and software engineers . | |
02:17 | And the list goes on . Let's talk about what | |
02:20 | some of the other types of engineers do . First | |
02:22 | up electrical engineers , electrical engineers , study electricity , | |
02:26 | they design electrical systems like circuits and computer chips . | |
02:29 | Think of an electrical object that you use pretty regularly | |
02:32 | . How about your microwave ? What problem was the | |
02:34 | microwave a solution to cold food ? Right . You | |
02:37 | have an electrical engineer to thank for the ability to | |
02:39 | reheat that leftover pizza you just had for lunch . | |
02:42 | But while you might not have heard of joseph Strauss | |
02:44 | , Sir Percy Spencer , the engineers responsible for the | |
02:46 | Golden gate bridge and the microwave , respectively . You've | |
02:49 | probably heard of Henry Ford as in ford cars . | |
02:52 | Henry Ford was a mechanical engineer or someone working in | |
02:55 | the manufacturing industry making mechanical things like tools , engines | |
02:59 | and machines , machines like cars . Ford didn't invent | |
03:02 | the automobile , but his ford Motor company made a | |
03:05 | lot of them . His model T car was famous | |
03:08 | for being affordable for plenty of americans ford , saw | |
03:10 | that lots of people who wanted to drive cars just | |
03:13 | couldn't because they couldn't afford the pricey vehicles that were | |
03:16 | for sale . So he engineered a cheaper model as | |
03:18 | a solution to this problem , his fellow engineers started | |
03:21 | to do the same and now , well cars are | |
03:24 | everywhere . Henry Ford is not the only big name | |
03:26 | engineer . A famous engineer around today is Marissa Mayer | |
03:30 | . Mayor is the president of the internet company Yahoo | |
03:32 | and is also a software engineers . Software engineers work | |
03:35 | on computers and other products that use software to write | |
03:38 | programs to make them faster and able to do more | |
03:41 | things . No matter what kind of engineer someone is | |
03:48 | . Their job at . Its most basic level is | |
03:50 | problem solving . Each engineer just specializes in solving certain | |
03:54 | kinds of problems . While it might seem like there | |
03:56 | are too many types of engineers to keep track of | |
03:59 | just wait 15 years or 50 or 100 because we'll | |
04:03 | probably have a ton of different types to add to | |
04:05 | the list by then . Think about it over 100 | |
04:08 | years ago . We didn't have jobs in fields like | |
04:09 | aerospace engineering where people design and construct planes and spacecraft | |
04:14 | . We didn't have planes like we do today or | |
04:16 | need spaceships . So we didn't need people to engineer | |
04:18 | them . Who knows what machines or tools or everyday | |
04:21 | objects we'll have in the year 30 15 personally . | |
04:24 | I'm hoping for underwater cities . But whatever these things | |
04:27 | are , we'll need engineers to make them . So | |
04:29 | what do you say ? Who wants to be an | |
04:30 | engineer ? I'm gonna take a wild guess and say | |
04:34 | you've probably used the phone and I bet you've enjoyed | |
04:37 | the benefits of a little thing . We call air | |
04:39 | conditioning . You know , who made those things possible | |
04:41 | ? Engineers . We were just talking about engineers in | |
04:44 | our last video , people who design and build things | |
04:46 | to solve problems . And there are lots of different | |
04:49 | kinds of engineers , no matter what type of engineer | |
04:51 | you want to be . Those civil , mechanical , | |
04:53 | electrical or a kind that doesn't even exist yet . | |
04:56 | There's a series of steps that all engineers follow when | |
04:59 | they're trying to solve a problem . This process is | |
05:01 | called wait for it . The engineering process makes sense | |
05:05 | to me . So what sort of steps are included | |
05:07 | in the engineering process and why do we need it | |
05:14 | ? Let's go through it step by step and discover | |
05:16 | how awesome things are made . First thing you gotta | |
05:18 | do is just define the problem . I mean , | |
05:21 | before you can solve a problem , you have to | |
05:23 | figure out what it is right . For example , | |
05:25 | back in the 1800s , an engineer named Alexander Graham | |
05:28 | Bell was trying to come up with a simpler , | |
05:30 | cheaper way for people to communicate back then . The | |
05:32 | best you could do was a telegraph , which was | |
05:34 | an old fashioned system of sending messages over electrical wires | |
05:37 | . Bell identified his problem , communicating with people who | |
05:40 | are far away was expensive and took a lot of | |
05:43 | time . So his invention or solution to this problem | |
05:46 | was something you may have heard of the telephone . | |
05:48 | Nice . Now , once you figured out what problem | |
05:51 | you want to tackle , you need to do your | |
05:53 | research . You can start by just making a list | |
05:55 | of questions you have and what information you need to | |
05:58 | start answering them . You can also look around and | |
06:00 | find what other things already exist that I've tried to | |
06:02 | solve the same problem . Maybe they can be improved | |
06:05 | . A good example . Here is the man who | |
06:07 | helped us blow stuff up . The chemist and engineer | |
06:09 | Alfred Nobel invented the explosive known as dynamite . Not | |
06:13 | because he particularly enjoyed explosions , but because miners and | |
06:16 | other people who well needed to blow stuff up to | |
06:19 | do their jobs needed an explosive that was safer to | |
06:22 | you . So before he started on that problem , | |
06:25 | Nobel did research to see what explosives already existed , | |
06:28 | which ones worked well and which ones didn't . This | |
06:30 | takes us to step three , develop a solution after | |
06:34 | your research is done . This is where you say | |
06:35 | exactly how you think , you can solve the problem | |
06:38 | and once you've thought of a good solution , you | |
06:40 | have to figure out how it will actually work and | |
06:42 | what it will look like . So you have to | |
06:44 | design your solution . This is where you get to | |
06:46 | draw . Civil engineers always sketch out their ideas like | |
06:50 | buildings and bridges and towers to show what they'll look | |
06:53 | like when they're done . Gustav , you fell designed | |
06:55 | the famous Eiffel Tower in France and he definitely showed | |
06:58 | up on day one of construction knowing exactly what it | |
07:01 | was gonna look like on to step five build a | |
07:04 | prototype . A prototype is just a simple model that | |
07:07 | lets you test out your design . It can be | |
07:09 | as big as the real thing is going to be | |
07:10 | or it can be a smaller version . You just | |
07:12 | need to have a prototype so you can test it | |
07:15 | . This may be the most important step in the | |
07:17 | whole process . Engineers need to test their design to | |
07:20 | see if it works like they wanted to . So | |
07:22 | say if you're building is a big tower , does | |
07:24 | it stand up ? Does it stay standing up if | |
07:27 | you're designing something with moving parts , does it work | |
07:29 | the way you want ? Now take it from me | |
07:31 | , my future engineers , you might have a great | |
07:34 | idea , a really terrific solution to a really big | |
07:37 | problem . But when you get to this step , | |
07:39 | your prototype probably won't work exactly the way you want | |
07:42 | . At least not . On the first try . | |
07:44 | Most engineers test their prototypes over and over and over | |
07:48 | again . That's why a lot of time and brain | |
07:51 | power goes into the very last step evaluating your solutions | |
07:55 | , evaluating just means asking yourself whether things are working | |
07:58 | the way you want or why they are or aren't | |
08:02 | . I like to think of this step as question | |
08:04 | everything . This is when engineers review all of the | |
08:07 | facts and ask themselves questions followed by even more questions | |
08:11 | . What worked well , why did it work ? | |
08:13 | Why didn't it work ? How could it be made | |
08:16 | better ? And most of the time the answers to | |
08:19 | these questions are going to send you back several steps | |
08:22 | . Like once you figured out why your prototype wasn't | |
08:24 | working , you'll have to design a new solution and | |
08:27 | then build it and then tested again . Sometimes engineers | |
08:30 | go through this process 45 even six times or more | |
08:34 | . Take Willis Carrier , the inventor of modern air | |
08:37 | conditioning . He tested his prototypes four years before he | |
08:40 | figured out the design that worked the way he wanted | |
08:43 | and solve the problem . He wanted to fix like | |
08:45 | all engineers , he failed a lot before he succeeded | |
08:48 | and that's okay because he learned something from every failure | |
08:52 | which made his product even better in the end . | |
08:54 | And I for one am glad he kept going . | |
08:58 | Yeah , so the engineering process is a series of | |
09:03 | steps that engineers or anyone should use when they're facing | |
09:07 | a challenge . The process is important because it allows | |
09:10 | engineers to experiment and also to fail . Both of | |
09:13 | these things give engineers a chance to go back and | |
09:16 | improve on their original idea , giving us something even | |
09:19 | better down the road . So the next time you | |
09:21 | fail at something , don't feel too bad . Think | |
09:23 | about the telephone and the air conditioner and the Eiffel | |
09:26 | Tower and then try again . So those are the | |
09:29 | basics . But there's a problem actually . There are | |
09:32 | lots of problems . How do we define what the | |
09:34 | problems are for our specific challenge ? Let's have a | |
09:37 | look . Problems . We've all got them , you | |
09:43 | me t Swift , Tony Stark . Some problems like | |
09:45 | forgetting to do your homework might seem like a pretty | |
09:47 | big deal to you , but when you compare them | |
09:49 | to other bigger problems , they're really not so bad | |
09:51 | . Like what kind of bigger problems ? Well the | |
09:53 | kinds of problems engineers face , like how to safely | |
09:56 | fly hundreds of people through the air in a small | |
09:58 | vehicle from one country to another or how to make | |
10:01 | an eco friendly building in a seaside town that can | |
10:03 | withstand hurricane force winds or how to send a bunch | |
10:06 | of earthbound humans hurtling off into space and get them | |
10:10 | back . That homework doesn't seem like such a big | |
10:12 | problem anymore , does it ? To be clear ? | |
10:14 | I'm not saying that you don't have to do your | |
10:16 | homework if you didn't , it would definitely be a | |
10:18 | problem . Just not as big as like having to | |
10:21 | invent a spaceship and that's the kind of stuff that | |
10:23 | engineers do . Engineers are people who want to know | |
10:25 | how and why things work . Not only that , | |
10:28 | they actually design and build things like machines , systems | |
10:30 | or structures to help solve specific problems . All engineers | |
10:34 | , whatever type they are , follow the same series | |
10:36 | of steps when trying to solve a problem . You'll | |
10:38 | remember these steps as the engineering process and the first | |
10:41 | step in that process is defining the problem . When | |
10:44 | an engineer identifies a problem here , she hopes to | |
10:46 | solve . But that first step isn't as simple as | |
10:48 | you think it is . So it's time for our | |
10:50 | big question . How does an engineer define a problem | |
10:54 | ? Yeah , let's come up with a fake problem | |
10:59 | to solve and we'll see what we wind up with | |
11:01 | , pretend you're on one side of a very big | |
11:03 | canyon and you need to get to the other side | |
11:05 | . So that's the problem you need to solve right | |
11:07 | , how to cross this very big canyon sort of | |
11:10 | , but not exactly . We can do better if | |
11:12 | I was an engineer and found myself on one side | |
11:14 | of that huge canyon . Here's how you go about | |
11:16 | identifying the problem . I ask questions a lot of | |
11:19 | questions , all the questions . Mhm I need to | |
11:25 | cross this very big canyon , but is that my | |
11:28 | actual problem ? Mm This canyon is very big and | |
11:32 | I need to get to the other side . I | |
11:33 | know I'll cross the bridge . Wait , is there | |
11:36 | a bridge ? Uh Yeah , there's no bridge . | |
11:38 | Okay , can I climb down one side of the | |
11:40 | canyon and then up the other side ? Uh definitely | |
11:43 | not way too deep . Plus there's a roaring river | |
11:46 | at the bottom we have to figure out how to | |
11:48 | cross . So I can't cross the canyon by bridge | |
11:50 | , I can't climb down and up and I can't | |
11:52 | swim across it . What's something I can do that | |
11:54 | doesn't require a bridge climbing or swimming ? I know | |
11:57 | I need to find a way to fly across the | |
11:59 | canyon and that's my problem . More importantly , that's | |
12:02 | my solvable problem . How do I fly across this | |
12:04 | very big canyon ? It took a little bit of | |
12:11 | thinking and a whole lot of questions , but how | |
12:13 | can you fly across the canyon is an easier problem | |
12:15 | to address than the much less specific . I'm on | |
12:17 | one side of a big canyon and I want to | |
12:19 | get to the other side and I don't know how | |
12:21 | to get across it , which strictly speaking isn't a | |
12:23 | question , it's just complaining about a problem really loudly | |
12:26 | . So defining the problem in a solvable way is | |
12:28 | really key to being a good engineer . While that | |
12:30 | first step might seem pretty easy , make sure you | |
12:33 | treat it like the super important step that it is | |
12:35 | , because it sets the stage for all of the | |
12:37 | steps of the engineering process that follow . If you | |
12:39 | don't define a potentially solvable problem from the start , | |
12:42 | you might never well solve it . So , an | |
12:45 | engineer asks a lot of questions to define a problem | |
12:48 | as specifically as they can , and most importantly as | |
12:50 | something that can be solved . So how is engineers | |
12:53 | ? Sabrina going to find a way to fly across | |
12:55 | that gorge . You're gonna have to solve that problem | |
12:57 | by watching our next lesson problems , problems , problems | |
13:02 | . We've been learning a lot about engineering lately and | |
13:04 | engineering always starts with a problem that needs to be | |
13:07 | solved , but I'm tired of talking about problems . | |
13:10 | So let's talk about solutions Instead , we've already learned | |
13:13 | about how engineers define problems . Now it's time to | |
13:15 | discover how they define success . I don't mean how | |
13:18 | they define success , like in general , like success | |
13:21 | is graduating from a good school or success is getting | |
13:23 | a good bonus , check at work or successes , | |
13:25 | winning a lifetime supply of macaroni and cheese . Although | |
13:28 | I'm not gonna lie , that sounds like success to | |
13:30 | me . With engineers define success , They do it | |
13:32 | in relation to the problem they're trying to solve . | |
13:34 | So for example , what does a successful solution to | |
13:37 | my problem look like ? The big question we're asking | |
13:39 | today is what makes a solution successful ? Okay , | |
13:47 | let's back up a bit . A solution is what | |
13:49 | again , a solution is something that an engineer designs | |
13:51 | or builds to solve a problem here . She has | |
13:53 | some solutions that engineers have come up with include the | |
13:56 | telephone , a solution to the problem of how people | |
13:58 | in different places can communicate with each other or the | |
14:00 | refrigerator , a solution to not being able to keep | |
14:03 | food fresh for long periods of time or light bulbs | |
14:05 | , a solution to not being able to see at | |
14:07 | night using something that's safer , brighter and more reliable | |
14:10 | than an open flame . Every day engineers design and | |
14:12 | build solutions , but how do they decide which of | |
14:15 | the many potential solutions that they brainstorm will be the | |
14:17 | most successful ? I think an example would be helpful | |
14:20 | here and we've already invented a fake problem . So | |
14:22 | why not invent a fake solution to back to the | |
14:24 | canyon ? You know that insanely deep one with no | |
14:26 | bridge and the raging river at the bottom of it | |
14:28 | ? Yeah that one the problem we defined at that | |
14:34 | spot was how do we fly across this canyon ? | |
14:36 | I'll be are standing engineer again being a good engineer | |
14:39 | . I know it's time to identify the criteria for | |
14:41 | my solution . Basically I need to figure out what | |
14:44 | things my solution needs to do in order to be | |
14:46 | considered successful . Think of it like making a checklist | |
14:48 | number one , it should get me to the other | |
14:50 | side and let me be more specific . It should | |
14:52 | get me to the other side alive . Number two | |
14:55 | . It the thing that gets me to the other | |
14:57 | side should be something I currently have or can easily | |
14:59 | access number three . It would be nice if I | |
15:02 | could reuse whatever it is . One time on the | |
15:04 | other side . Now , if superman's fortress of solitude | |
15:06 | was nearby , I'd snag him and make him fly | |
15:08 | me over this canyon . No prob but sadly , | |
15:11 | I don't have access to Superman secret layer . So | |
15:13 | like any other engineer I have to make do with | |
15:16 | what I have . So what do I have ? | |
15:18 | I've got the tent that I camp with and that's | |
15:20 | about it . You guys , I can make a | |
15:21 | hang glider out of my tent . It's a resource | |
15:24 | I already have and if I build it properly , | |
15:26 | it will get me to the other side alive , | |
15:27 | which is ultimately where I wanna be . Plus bonus | |
15:30 | , I can dismantle the glider on the other side | |
15:32 | and use the pieces for their original purpose , keeping | |
15:34 | me sheltered from lions and tigers and bears . Oh | |
15:37 | , my eye . So superman is a solution in | |
15:43 | that if you were real and if I could somehow | |
15:45 | contact him to get him to carry me over this | |
15:47 | canyon , he could get me to the other side | |
15:49 | alive . But he's not the most successful solution because | |
15:52 | he doesn't meet all of my criteria . He's not | |
15:54 | currently with me and I can't easily find him . | |
15:57 | I mean , the whole point of a secret layer | |
15:58 | is that its secret . So a hang glider meets | |
16:01 | all of my criteria , which means that's our solution | |
16:03 | . We'll fly across this very big canyon with a | |
16:06 | hang glider and of all the solutions that an engineer | |
16:08 | can brainstorm to whatever problem here , she has the | |
16:11 | most successful one . The one that meets all of | |
16:13 | or most of the criteria is the one that engineers | |
16:15 | actually attempt to design . Now , actually making a | |
16:18 | hang glider out of a tent is a different step | |
16:20 | in the engineering process . So it's one that we | |
16:22 | kind of fortunately don't have to mess with today because | |
16:24 | I have zero idea about how to build or fly | |
16:27 | a hang glider and anyway , remember that this is | |
16:29 | a totally fake made up solution . Don't go jumping | |
16:31 | into a canyon or anything with a tent . Okay | |
16:33 | . We're here to solve problems , not creating new | |
16:35 | ones . We've talked about problems and hey , we've | |
16:38 | all got them . But there are other things we | |
16:40 | need to understand if we're going to be good engineers | |
16:43 | , One of the biggest concepts we need to tackle | |
16:45 | is variables . What can we change and what can't | |
16:48 | we change when testing our problems ? Everyone gets a | |
16:55 | case of the what if sometimes you know how you | |
16:57 | ask yourself questions like what if I run out of | |
16:58 | popcorn in the movie is not over yet ? Or | |
17:00 | what if it's raining when I walk home from school | |
17:03 | and I forgot my umbrella ? The threat is real | |
17:05 | people . But you know who ask themselves what if | |
17:07 | questions everyday engineers these kinds of questions are really important | |
17:12 | when you're trying to come up with possible solutions to | |
17:14 | a problem . Like what if we try to cross | |
17:16 | the gorge by building a hang lighter from a tent | |
17:18 | ? Remember that ? To come up with solutions to | |
17:20 | problems like crossing a gorge . You already know that | |
17:23 | engineers use a series of steps known as the trustee | |
17:26 | engineering process . A quick recap . We started by | |
17:29 | defining a solvable problem in our case , how can | |
17:32 | we get across the gorge ? We looked at more | |
17:34 | than one solution and chose a solution that met our | |
17:37 | criteria . It used the materials we had available and | |
17:39 | it would successfully get us across the gorge in one | |
17:42 | piece . Plus we could reuse the pieces afterward . | |
17:45 | Then in the real world . And engineer would build | |
17:47 | a prototype of the solution and test a bunch of | |
17:50 | prototypes before actually using it . And if the solution | |
17:53 | didn't work , they go back to the drawing board | |
17:55 | . Engineers are not quitters . And there's something else | |
17:58 | engineers do during the process that we haven't talked about | |
18:01 | yet . And that's defining variables . Excellent . So | |
18:04 | now we just need to figure out what variables are | |
18:07 | . Mhm . A variable is just a condition or | |
18:13 | a value that can be changed and sometimes a variable | |
18:16 | is something we can control where we , as engineers | |
18:19 | do the changing . But other times variables are totally | |
18:23 | out of our control . So say we want to | |
18:24 | see how high a ball bounces after it hits the | |
18:26 | ground . Let's identify some of the variables involved in | |
18:29 | that . We can change the height from which we | |
18:31 | dropped the ball , or we can change the kind | |
18:34 | of ball we drop . Those are conditions we can | |
18:37 | change . But one thing we can't change is the | |
18:39 | gravity that pulls the ball towards the center of the | |
18:42 | earth after we drop it . That's not a variable | |
18:44 | we can control . Now . What about our attempt | |
18:47 | to cross that giant George ? What are the variables | |
18:50 | there first , let's think about the variables that we | |
18:56 | can control . One variable we can change is the | |
18:59 | weight of our hang glider . We can reduce the | |
19:01 | weight that it has to carry by , say , | |
19:03 | leaving our umbrella behind . Or we can add more | |
19:06 | weight by asking cat boat to hitch a ride . | |
19:08 | We can also change part of the hang gliders design | |
19:11 | . If you've ever built a paper airplane , you | |
19:13 | know that you can change things like the size or | |
19:15 | the angle of the wings . These things affect how | |
19:17 | far or high the airplane flies . The same goes | |
19:20 | for a hang glider . What about variables we can't | |
19:23 | control . Let's talk wind . The wind over a | |
19:25 | gorge can be nice and breezy . It can also | |
19:27 | be forceful during a storm , but we can't control | |
19:30 | that . Sorry . Also just like bouncing a ball | |
19:33 | , we can't control gravity . Now whether we can | |
19:36 | control the variables or not . Once we've identified what | |
19:38 | could possibly change when we're trying to solve a problem | |
19:41 | , we can start asking what if questions like what | |
19:44 | if the wind speed is higher than normal or what | |
19:47 | if we decide to leave our umbrella behind ? We | |
19:49 | can use the answers to those . What if questions | |
19:51 | to help us decide if our solution is going to | |
19:54 | work , which would be nice to know before we | |
19:56 | go flying off into the gorge . Right ? So | |
20:03 | engineers identify variables which are conditions or values that can | |
20:06 | be changed when they're looking at and testing solutions to | |
20:09 | a problem . And by asking yourself what if questions | |
20:11 | you can practice your engineering skills . What if questions | |
20:14 | can help you identify variables when looking at a problem | |
20:17 | . Just don't ever ask yourself what if I forget | |
20:19 | something that I've learned in Sabrina's awesome engineering videos because | |
20:23 | that's definitely not going to happen . Right . Cat | |
20:26 | box . Come on bird . And yes , crashed | |
20:34 | it . I just be the level that I've been | |
20:36 | stuck on for like a month as any good gamer | |
20:39 | knows it takes the right move to win one wrong | |
20:41 | move and poof . A possible wind can turn into | |
20:43 | a loss . The same thing is true for engineering | |
20:47 | . Last time we are thinking about the moves we | |
20:48 | can make that would guarantee the solution to our getting | |
20:51 | across the gorge problem was a success . And that | |
20:53 | included identifying variables or the conditions or values involved in | |
20:57 | the problem that can be changed . But what's the | |
21:00 | big deal ? Why do engineers identify variables when they're | |
21:02 | designing and testing solutions to a problem ? Remember we | |
21:09 | can control some variables like the height from which we | |
21:12 | drop a ball to see how high it bounces . | |
21:14 | But there are variables we can't control like gravity . | |
21:17 | Whether a solution to a problem turns out to be | |
21:19 | successful or not , depends on picking the right way | |
21:22 | to change of variables . The way something turns out | |
21:24 | like whether a solution solves the problem or not is | |
21:27 | called an outcome . So let's see how changing variables | |
21:30 | can change an outcome by playing a game . The | |
21:37 | goal of this game is to knock down a pile | |
21:39 | of fluffy pink marshmallows and to do that . We | |
21:41 | launch cat bought into the pile using a slingshot . | |
21:44 | There are two variables here that we can control . | |
21:47 | We can change the angle of the launch and we | |
21:49 | can change how far we pull back on the slingshot | |
21:52 | . If we change either or both of these variables | |
21:54 | , then we can get one of three outcomes . | |
21:56 | We can knock over all of the fluffy marshmallows , | |
21:59 | knock over some of the fluffy marshmallows or miss the | |
22:03 | pile completely . Now I don't want to be stuck | |
22:06 | on this level for another month , so I'm going | |
22:08 | for the complete knockdown outcome , Try number one and | |
22:12 | I miss completely boo . So I'm going to change | |
22:16 | one , variable the angle of the slingshot , but | |
22:18 | I want to pull back on the slingshot just as | |
22:20 | far as last time . Otherwise , I won't be | |
22:22 | able to tell if the outcome of the second try | |
22:24 | is because I changed the angle or if I changed | |
22:27 | how hard I pulled . So let's see if changing | |
22:29 | the angle by pulling back just as hard as before | |
22:32 | gives me the outcome that I want and score total | |
22:35 | knock down . Now if I wanted to for my | |
22:37 | second try I could have decided to change how hard | |
22:40 | I pulled on the slingshot . But if I did | |
22:42 | that I'd have to keep the angle the same bottom | |
22:44 | line . Engineers only change one variable at a time | |
22:48 | . Otherwise we can't tell why a solution works or | |
22:51 | doesn't work . Yeah . So engineers don't just identify | |
22:58 | variables for fun . Although it definitely can be they | |
23:01 | identify them so they can figure out which ones they | |
23:04 | can control that is either change them or keep them | |
23:07 | the same . And that's important to know because changing | |
23:10 | a variable can affect the outcome or result of a | |
23:12 | solution . So engineers change only one variable at a | |
23:15 | time when they test the solution so they're sure of | |
23:18 | the connection between the variable and the outcome . Now | |
23:21 | it's back to my game , I'm coming for you | |
23:23 | , marshmallows , problems , solutions , variables . There's | |
23:27 | a lot going on with engineering but that makes sense | |
23:29 | . Engineers want things to work properly , especially when | |
23:33 | those things are robots and houses . Okay , listen | |
23:38 | to people I need your help . You're gonna have | |
23:40 | to help me engineer my way out of a challenge | |
23:42 | . The challenge being , I kind of dropped my | |
23:45 | phone down a sewer . I know I know I | |
23:47 | was walking down the street and it slipped out of | |
23:49 | my hands and went right into the storm drain and | |
23:53 | um I kind of like it back but that's where | |
23:55 | you come in because this is exactly the kind of | |
23:58 | problem that can be solved with the help of engineering | |
24:02 | , you know that engineers design and build things like | |
24:04 | machines , systems or structures to help solve problems and | |
24:09 | all kinds of problems , not just phones and sewers | |
24:11 | . How can we cross deep dangerous canyons ? How | |
24:14 | can we solve complicated math problems ? If we don't | |
24:17 | have a pencil and paper , you can think an | |
24:18 | engineer for solutions to all of those problems , hang | |
24:21 | gliders , calculators and the list goes on and on | |
24:24 | . So now I need your help to unleash the | |
24:27 | power of engineering to fix my problems . So how | |
24:31 | do we use the engineering process to get my phone | |
24:33 | back ? Mhm first let's review the process . This | |
24:40 | is crucial one define the problem . Okay , I | |
24:44 | need a way to retrieve my phone from a storm | |
24:46 | drain to consider solutions . There's more than one solution | |
24:50 | to any problem . So we need to think through | |
24:52 | different options and choose the best one brainstorm time I | |
24:55 | can tie a rope to the drain and lower myself | |
24:57 | into the darkness . Or I could use a fishing | |
24:59 | pole to retrieve it . Or I can build a | |
25:02 | robot that would go down there for me and bring | |
25:04 | it back . Now I don't want to go down | |
25:06 | there . It's dark and scary and the potential for | |
25:09 | getting sewer water on me is way to act next | |
25:12 | . What about using a fishing pole ? I think | |
25:14 | my phone will be hard to pull up with a | |
25:15 | hook . Plus I won't be able to see where | |
25:17 | I'm aiming the pole . It seems like this option | |
25:20 | isn't the best . What's left ? Oh yeah . | |
25:23 | The coolest option , robots are used to do tests | |
25:25 | that people can't or don't want to do . And | |
25:28 | that means a whole lot of robots are being designed | |
25:30 | for this sort of thing . Not retrieving phones from | |
25:32 | storm drains maybe , but flying down into caves , | |
25:36 | exploring the ocean floor and even visiting other planets . | |
25:39 | So let's engineer a robot . It'll have to be | |
25:47 | able to fly and be remote controlled . And so | |
25:49 | I can see where it's going . It'll need a | |
25:51 | little camera and it will need a suction cup to | |
25:53 | stick to the phone and carry it to my loving | |
25:55 | hands . Now , next we need to build a | |
25:57 | prototype that we can use for testing . We need | |
26:00 | to test or conduct trials in order to ensure success | |
26:03 | . And for those trials to be really useful , | |
26:05 | we have to isolate the variables . So what are | |
26:08 | the variables of our mission ? We've got the depth | |
26:11 | of the sewer drain that can't be changed . So | |
26:13 | it's called a fixed variable . We also have the | |
26:15 | size and weight of the phone , which are more | |
26:17 | fixed variables . Then we have the pieces of our | |
26:20 | super cool robot , the propellers , the suction cup | |
26:23 | , the camera . When we finally get to testing | |
26:25 | the robot , we need to isolate each of these | |
26:27 | variables and test them one at a time and pretend | |
26:31 | missions . That way , we can see which variables | |
26:33 | affect how well our robot performs . Like maybe the | |
26:36 | robot can carry something the size of a pencil , | |
26:38 | but it completely crashes when it tries to hang on | |
26:41 | to my phone . That would be a failure point | |
26:43 | . But we can find ways to science around that | |
26:46 | . If it can't lift something as heavy as my | |
26:47 | phone , maybe we can make the propellers bigger . | |
26:50 | Either way , we'll keep tweaking the variables until we | |
26:53 | get the outcome we're looking for . Then it's all | |
26:55 | systems . Go hang on . Wet and smelly phone | |
26:57 | . Here we come today . We had a challenge | |
27:04 | . We had to retrieve something from a deep place | |
27:06 | we couldn't see and we had to deal with various | |
27:09 | variables to find a solution , variables like the depth | |
27:12 | of the drain , the weight of the phone and | |
27:14 | the strength of the propellers that made the robot fly | |
27:17 | together . We came up with a pretty awesome design | |
27:19 | solution , but like I said before , there can | |
27:22 | be lots of different successful solution . So here's your | |
27:26 | challenge . Can you come up with your own solution | |
27:28 | ? What would your robot look like ? How would | |
27:30 | it get the job done and navigate the variables put | |
27:33 | your brain to work and see what you can come | |
27:35 | up with . I just want to thank you so | |
27:39 | much for helping out in the last episode . I | |
27:41 | needed to get my phone out of the storm drain | |
27:43 | and together we designed a solution . Our robot was | |
27:46 | just one of many possible solutions and maybe you had | |
27:49 | an even better idea at home if you did please | |
27:52 | send it my way . I'd love to check it | |
27:53 | out . But I've got a whole new challenge for | |
27:56 | you . Have you ever just wanted some space to | |
27:57 | yourself ? A place to relax , do your own | |
27:59 | thing . Eat nutella straight off your fingers and burp | |
28:02 | with abandoned . Yeah I need that . That is | |
28:04 | a thing I need you know it can help but | |
28:07 | you already guessed it . Engineering . So how do | |
28:10 | we use the engineering process to solve this problem ? | |
28:14 | Yeah . Well first we've got to define the problem | |
28:20 | . I need a place that is secluded and quiet | |
28:22 | . I needed to provide privacy . In a sense | |
28:24 | of my own . Nus sounds pretty great . Right | |
28:26 | . What about a big box to use as my | |
28:29 | space ? It's secluded and it can be all my | |
28:31 | own solution wise . It's a start but a small | |
28:34 | one we need to consider more options . What if | |
28:36 | I made adjustments to a space ? I already have | |
28:39 | my room . I could hang blankets from the ceiling | |
28:41 | , tell block out sounds from outside . And then | |
28:43 | I could also sing my head off to T swift | |
28:45 | if I wanted to without bothering the rest of my | |
28:47 | family . To top things off , I could add | |
28:49 | a do not enter sign to my door like a | |
28:51 | serious sign , bold font . All caps respect my | |
28:54 | side . Okay , we've got two options . What | |
28:57 | else ? What if instead of adjusting a space , | |
28:59 | I already have I create a new space . There's | |
29:02 | a word for what we're talking about here . Architecture | |
29:05 | maybe we could become not just engineers but architects , | |
29:09 | Engineers who design buildings , even though the title of | |
29:12 | the job is a little different , the process is | |
29:14 | still the same . So before doing architecture we've got | |
29:18 | to wear options and choose the best designed to take | |
29:20 | into trials . Let's think about the box idea first | |
29:23 | . It's probably too small . I'd either be squished | |
29:25 | or be half hanging out of it . Okay , | |
29:27 | how about tricking out my room again while I feel | |
29:30 | like I have a sense of privacy . I know | |
29:32 | that at any point any one of my family members | |
29:34 | could bust in and the blankets on the walls would | |
29:37 | muffle some of the sound but wouldn't totally block them | |
29:40 | out . But hey , here's an idea . What | |
29:42 | about a tree house ? It would be totally my | |
29:45 | own . It would be far enough from my house | |
29:47 | at any weird burps or loud renditions of shake it | |
29:49 | off . Wouldn't bug my family . Of course , | |
29:51 | it would take some work . Some architecture work . | |
29:55 | So architect activate and sorry . Mm , let's build | |
30:01 | the treehouse . It'll have a drop down rope ladder | |
30:03 | that I can pull up for optimal privacy and it'll | |
30:05 | have windows so I can spot when someone's on the | |
30:07 | way over and properly prepare myself . I can even | |
30:10 | use the blanket while idea for my second proposal to | |
30:13 | muffle the sound . Of course I'll need space for | |
30:15 | lounging and reading and dancing around . But before we | |
30:19 | start building , you know what we've got to do | |
30:21 | , build the prototype and test it . And in | |
30:24 | order to conduct useful trials we need to isolate the | |
30:26 | variables . What are the variables of this particular mission | |
30:29 | ? The size of the treehouse we choose and the | |
30:31 | weight of the treehouse are really important variables because we | |
30:35 | gotta make sure the treehouse can stay in the tree | |
30:37 | . What about variables when it comes to soundproofing the | |
30:39 | thing , the number and the size of the blankets | |
30:41 | that I use would be one and so would be | |
30:43 | the amount of noise I plan on making inside the | |
30:45 | treehouse . And we have to keep in mind failure | |
30:47 | points to like the tree might be able to support | |
30:49 | little old me in a small wooden tree house , | |
30:51 | but if I have a friend or two over the | |
30:53 | load might be too heavy . That would be a | |
30:55 | serious failure point . As for keeping things nice and | |
30:58 | quiet . Maybe my thickest heaviest blankets can block a | |
31:01 | soft rendition of you belong with me , but they | |
31:04 | might fail when I belt out , shake it off | |
31:06 | or have a burping contest , you've got to test | |
31:08 | these things so we'll keep working with the variables until | |
31:11 | we've got a working design , then it's time to | |
31:14 | build . Architects use the same process , the engineering | |
31:21 | process . When planning buildings , from skyscrapers to small | |
31:24 | family homes , I came up with what I think | |
31:26 | will be a great treehouse , but as always , | |
31:29 | there can be lots of different successful solutions . So | |
31:32 | here's your challenge . Can you come up with your | |
31:35 | own architecture solution ? What would your building look like | |
31:38 | ? How would it meet the success criteria and navigate | |
31:40 | the variables ? So if we've learned anything , it's | |
31:43 | that engineering is about solving problems . Sometimes those problems | |
31:47 | are big and sometimes those problems are small , but | |
31:51 | engineers need to figure out the answers to those problems | |
31:53 | to make new things that will make life easier , | |
31:56 | or sometimes just to make us all safer . If | |
31:59 | you enjoyed this , check out the rest of our | |
32:00 | channel and subscribe . |
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