Morphology: Crash Course Linguistics #2 - By CrashCourse
Transcript
00:0-1 | Hi , I'm taylor and welcome to crash course linguistics | |
00:02 | according to the word count feature in a document . | |
00:04 | Where does the thing with spaces around it ? That's | |
00:07 | a useful definition . If we're just trying to figure | |
00:09 | out how long an essay should be . But it's | |
00:11 | not a very good guide to defining what counts as | |
00:13 | a word . For example . Doghouses generally written without | |
00:16 | a space while rabbit hole is written with one , | |
00:19 | but they feel like they should both be words after | |
00:21 | all . Sometimes people write doghouse with the space and | |
00:24 | we could totally start writing rabbit life in whole or | |
00:27 | even rabbit hole completely smashed together . Also just because | |
00:30 | a word like hungry isn't in your dictionary doesn't mean | |
00:33 | it's not a word or that I'm not feeling it | |
00:35 | right now man , I should have eaten a snack | |
00:38 | before this shoot . Anyway . Today we're going to | |
00:40 | talk about how linguist would answer the question , what | |
00:42 | even is a word ? Yeah . Mhm Yeah . | |
00:52 | To a linguist , the word word has a big | |
00:57 | meaning and a small meaning . The big meaning of | |
00:59 | word is what we expect when we're looking something up | |
01:01 | in a dictionary . We'd expect to find a dictionary | |
01:04 | entry for rabbit hole because this phrase has a meaning | |
01:07 | that we can't figure out from the definitions of its | |
01:09 | individual parts . After looking up rabbit and whole , | |
01:12 | we wouldn't guess that rabbit hole means a place where | |
01:14 | a rabbit lives or a complicated or absorbing situation like | |
01:18 | finding yourself down a Wikipedia rabbit hole at two a.m. | |
01:21 | After googling what languages are spoken on the International Space | |
01:24 | Station , its meaning as relatively unpredictable from its parts | |
01:27 | . Dictionary makers define one entry or unit as the | |
01:30 | largest unpredictable combinations of form and meaning . They call | |
01:34 | each of these units lex seems or lexical items because | |
01:37 | they're part of a lexicon , which is another word | |
01:40 | for dictionary . In contrast , we wouldn't expect to | |
01:42 | find a dictionary entry for deep hole because if we | |
01:45 | look up deep and whole , we can figure out | |
01:47 | the meaning of the two combined . It's predictable . | |
01:50 | So deep and whole are both lex seems while deep | |
01:52 | hole is not when we think about a phrase like | |
01:54 | falling down rabbit holes , this is where the small | |
01:57 | meaning of word comes in here , we can break | |
01:59 | the sentence into parts , fall down a rabbit hole | |
02:03 | and this is even though we don't say anything or | |
02:06 | by themselves , they have distinct meanings . For example | |
02:10 | , this indicates that there's more than one rabbit hole | |
02:13 | and we can predict this from the meaning of rabbit | |
02:15 | hole ends together , but we can't separate rabbit into | |
02:19 | rab . And it even though it is a word | |
02:22 | because rab doesn't mean anything on its own rab and | |
02:24 | it don't each have their own meanings that they're contributing | |
02:27 | to rabbit . The meaning of rabbit is unpredictable rabbit | |
02:31 | and are examples of the smallest unpredictable combinations of form | |
02:35 | and meaning linguists call these units more themes and the | |
02:38 | study of them is morphology . That's morph as in | |
02:41 | metamorphosis or an amorphous . It's from a greek word | |
02:44 | meaning shape or form because more females can stick to | |
02:47 | each other to change the shape of a word . | |
02:49 | One reason it's helpful to divide language into morphine is | |
02:52 | because it helps us see patterns across languages . A | |
02:55 | separate word in one language might be a part of | |
02:57 | a word in another language . For example , the | |
03:00 | phrase I washed my feet is a sentence with several | |
03:03 | words in mandarin . The same idea is a single | |
03:06 | word with many more forms in marin pasta and a | |
03:08 | lot of other Australian languages . If we just think | |
03:11 | of words rather than the more features that build words | |
03:13 | we miss this and a lot of other interesting potential | |
03:16 | patterns . If we look at more fumes instead , | |
03:18 | we can see differences in similarities between languages and the | |
03:21 | information they convey . Not just the number of words | |
03:24 | they use . There are a couple of different kinds | |
03:25 | of relationships that more females can have with each other | |
03:28 | When we have a morphine that can stand by itself | |
03:30 | . That's a free morphine like rabbit or whole when | |
03:33 | we have two or more free more features combined together | |
03:35 | . That's a compound , whether it's written with a | |
03:37 | space , a hyphen or all joined together such as | |
03:40 | doghouse rabbit hole or even rabbit hole fence sign in | |
03:44 | american sign language . There are signs like and that | |
03:49 | are compounds composed of teach and learn . Plus a | |
03:54 | variant of the sign person recognizing compounds allows us to | |
03:58 | see similarities between languages that we might have missed in | |
04:01 | other languages . Nations might be linked by other words | |
04:04 | like the sign of the fence of the whole of | |
04:06 | the rabbit . But english and german just put them | |
04:09 | all together into long compound noun . The only difference | |
04:11 | is that english keep spaces when writing long strings of | |
04:14 | numbers while german doesn't write the spaces . So while | |
04:17 | it looks like english and german have very different ways | |
04:19 | of creating words , they actually often used the same | |
04:22 | compound noun . Perhaps we could call this the deutscher | |
04:25 | voter uber set songs problem or word in german translation | |
04:28 | problem . Meanwhile , when we have a morphine that | |
04:30 | can't stand by itself like this in rabbits , that's | |
04:34 | a bound morphine . Let's head over to the thought | |
04:36 | bubble to see more about how morphine fit together . | |
04:39 | We can visualize morphine Xyz fitting together like the parts | |
04:42 | of a plant in this metaphor . The most central | |
04:44 | part of a word is the root and the other | |
04:46 | more females that are stuck or fixed onto it are | |
04:49 | affixes . So rabbits is made from the root rabbit | |
04:52 | and the affects . So since the psa affects and | |
04:55 | rabbits comes after the route , we can call it | |
04:57 | a suffix if the word has an affix stuck on | |
05:01 | before the route , it's called a prefix to extend | |
05:04 | our plant metaphor . When we add a morphine to | |
05:06 | the root , this new unit becomes the stem for | |
05:08 | the next morphine . And here's where it gets interesting | |
05:11 | . We can also have a word with several affixes | |
05:13 | at once , like UNtwist double , which has the | |
05:16 | prefix on the route , twist and the suffix able | |
05:20 | . It sounds simple enough , but this words meaning | |
05:22 | depends on whether UNTwist is a stem for able or | |
05:25 | whether twist double is a stem for un . It | |
05:27 | could mean able to be UNtwist ID . That's UNtwist | |
05:30 | plus able or it could mean not able to be | |
05:34 | twisted , that's on plus twist double . Not every | |
05:37 | word with multiple affixes has more than one meaning though | |
05:40 | . It all depends on how the word builds at | |
05:42 | each stage . The stem has to work as a | |
05:44 | word by itself . So Untwist double is ambiguous because | |
05:48 | UNtwist as a word . But twist double is also | |
05:50 | a word in contrast with a word like unravel . | |
05:53 | T Rabbit E is a word but on rabbit that's | |
05:56 | not a word . So on rabbit , he only | |
05:59 | has one meaning rabbit . Rabbit . Ian rabbit . | |
06:02 | Ian rabbit penis . This can go all the way | |
06:04 | up to lots and lots of affects . Is that | |
06:07 | was the most thought bubbly of thought bubbles . The | |
06:09 | route is often a free morphine like rabbit . But | |
06:12 | the route isn't always free think of words like receive | |
06:15 | , deceive , perceived and conceived . You can receive | |
06:18 | and you can deceive but can you just cve it's | |
06:22 | the same part in all these words but it doesn't | |
06:24 | have its own independent meaning . It's abound morphine just | |
06:28 | like but it's also the brute . It's one of | |
06:31 | a handful of examples of bound roots in english and | |
06:34 | in addition to prefixes and suffixes , there is some | |
06:36 | other kinds of offenses that can be attached to a | |
06:39 | root . Affixes can sometimes go inside a word . | |
06:42 | This is called an in fix and in english . | |
06:44 | It primarily happens with swear words or pseudo swears , | |
06:47 | fan hacking tastic and for the completionist out there there's | |
06:51 | also circum fixes which have information attached to both the | |
06:54 | beginning and end of a word . English doesn't really | |
06:57 | do circum fixes but malay has eight different ones . | |
07:00 | The meaning of the word changes only with the addition | |
07:02 | of both parts of the circum fix . So far | |
07:05 | , morphology is looking very neat and defined . You | |
07:08 | can make words by stacking morph teams on routes to | |
07:10 | make longer stems , But morphology isn't always neat little | |
07:13 | packages of affixes . Sometimes one affects can hold more | |
07:17 | than one piece of information . This is known as | |
07:20 | fusion all morphology because it's hard to teach out how | |
07:23 | each morphine relates to a specific part of the meaning | |
07:26 | . It's all fused together . For example , as | |
07:28 | languages change over time , they often smush smaller words | |
07:31 | together , making free more females into bound more themes | |
07:34 | . The english words not none , never and nothing | |
07:38 | all contained net . The old english word for not | |
07:41 | and not itself gets smushed together in modern english words | |
07:45 | like didn't or you know in french when a word | |
07:48 | ends in a L . Like animal or journal . | |
07:51 | The Suffolk's A L . Indicates that it's masculine and | |
07:54 | that its singular . You may not be familiar with | |
07:56 | the idea of words being masculine but don't worry for | |
07:59 | now . Let's just focus on how this suffix tells | |
08:02 | us two things about the word to make it plural | |
08:04 | . You need to change the whole ending into a | |
08:06 | U X , like an emo or you're no to | |
08:09 | indicate both of these things . There were once two | |
08:12 | suffixes , one for masculine and one for plural , | |
08:15 | which we can still kind of see in the spelling | |
08:18 | , but aux is now simply pronounced oh and indicates | |
08:21 | both to further broaden our idea of morphology . We | |
08:24 | should mention . There are ways of building meaning in | |
08:26 | words that go beyond adding affixes all in a single | |
08:29 | row . For example , some words in english can | |
08:32 | change their vowels instead of adding an affix such as | |
08:34 | foot and feet , or sing , sang and sung | |
08:38 | in Arabic hebrew and other Semitic language is the root | |
08:41 | of the word is just the consonants and then bowels | |
08:44 | are added in different configurations to create different related words | |
08:47 | . For example , this Arabic root means things having | |
08:49 | to do with books or writing and from it we | |
08:52 | get key tab meaning book co two meaning books , | |
08:55 | kati meaning writer , mark tub meaning office and more | |
08:59 | in american sign language announcing . Their related verbs sometimes | |
09:03 | have the same hand , shape and location but different | |
09:05 | movement for example . And and occasionally a language will | |
09:10 | change the word completely rather than adding a morphine . | |
09:14 | Think about the english for go , which is went | |
09:16 | in the past tense rather than goad , which would | |
09:18 | follow the regular patterns of english morphology . This process | |
09:21 | of completely replacing a word is called supplee shin and | |
09:24 | languages mostly use it with a handful of common words | |
09:27 | rather than as a systematic process . Thank goodness for | |
09:30 | that . If you thought conjugating verbs with different suffixes | |
09:33 | was hard , imagine having to learn a completely different | |
09:36 | word each time . So let's get back to this | |
09:38 | tricky question of what a word is , linguists don't | |
09:41 | really know and that's actually fine . There's so many | |
09:44 | edge cases and exceptions about the word word that when | |
09:48 | linguists need to be really precise , we use completely | |
09:50 | different terminology instead . We talk about morphine , but | |
09:54 | when we're not zoomed in quite so closely , it's | |
09:56 | still totally okay to talk in terms of words , | |
09:58 | like when we're talking about combining words into longer phrases | |
10:01 | and sentences . Like in our next video , See | |
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