Grade 9 Chemistry Lesson 1 - Matter and the Particle Theory - By Lumos Learning
Transcript
00:00 | Hi there . Welcome to Mr Lee Han teaches you | |
00:03 | stuff . This is grade nine chemistry lesson one matter | |
00:06 | and the particle theory . So first thing we want | |
00:09 | to look at is what is matter and matter is | |
00:12 | anything that contains both mass and the volume . So | |
00:16 | we might as well define those as , well masses | |
00:19 | . How much matter is in an object we measure | |
00:22 | mass in grams kilograms milligrams , stuff like that . | |
00:27 | Um , it's very important that we don't get mass | |
00:29 | confused with weight . Um , so you may weigh | |
00:34 | £100 and when you go into space , let's say | |
00:38 | you don't weigh £100 . You're floating around weightless , | |
00:41 | but you're not floating around massless . You still are | |
00:44 | made up of the same amount of matter . Similarly | |
00:48 | , if you step on a scale on the moon | |
00:53 | , uh , it'll say that you weigh less right | |
00:55 | because you're not pushing down as hard on that scale | |
00:57 | because gravity is not as hard are not as strong | |
01:00 | , but you will not have less mass . You'll | |
01:03 | have the same amount of mass . Volume is how | |
01:06 | much space something takes up . We measure volume and | |
01:10 | leaders and middle leaders etcetera . So the three states | |
01:14 | of matter are solid , like this rock liquid like | |
01:19 | a glass of water and gas , like the gas | |
01:22 | inside this balloon , or possibly the gas in the | |
01:25 | air that that balloon is floating through . There are | |
01:30 | several changes in state , so melting is when something | |
01:32 | goes from a solid to a liquid , so there's | |
01:35 | an example of some ice cubes . Melting freezing is | |
01:40 | when a liquid turns into a solid , like this | |
01:43 | water that I left in the freezer , and it's | |
01:48 | important to note that the melting point is the same | |
01:50 | as the freezing point . So for water , for | |
01:52 | example , that's zero degrees Celsius , so the same | |
01:58 | temperature at which something melts is the same one , | |
02:00 | which will start to freeze . Mhm . Evaporation is | |
02:05 | when something goes from a liquid to a gas . | |
02:08 | So when you've got water boiling on the stove , | |
02:10 | some of that water will evaporate condensation . That's when | |
02:14 | something goes from a gas to a liquid . If | |
02:16 | you ever get cold pop , for example , out | |
02:20 | of the fridge , you might notice that this condensation | |
02:24 | around it , uh , now for two that you | |
02:28 | may not have heard of sublimation and deposition sublimation is | |
02:31 | when something goes from a solid to a gas , | |
02:35 | so an example of that would be dry ice , | |
02:38 | which is basically solid carbon dioxide . It changes directly | |
02:42 | into a gas deposition . Gas to a solid . | |
02:46 | This is more common . Then you might think that's | |
02:50 | what Frost is . So if you ever see frost | |
02:52 | on a pine branch like this , or frost on | |
02:56 | a window , that is solid water that has just | |
03:02 | come out of the air , it went directly from | |
03:04 | gaseous water to solid water . Now how does this | |
03:09 | all relate to ? The part of the particle theory | |
03:11 | was created to describe the structure and behavior of matter | |
03:15 | . And there's five main points to the particle theory | |
03:18 | , So we'll take a look at those . First | |
03:22 | point is that all matter is made up of tiny | |
03:24 | particles , and all of those particles have spaces in | |
03:29 | between them . So there's a little bit of room | |
03:32 | between each one of those particles . Point number three | |
03:35 | . All particles of one pure substance are the same | |
03:38 | . Different substances are made of different particles . So | |
03:42 | if we've got to substances here , they're both pure | |
03:45 | substances . They're all made of the same type of | |
03:47 | particle . Um , but since there are different types | |
03:50 | of substances . They have different types of particles making | |
03:53 | them up . One in this case is green , | |
03:55 | and one is blue . Uh , number four . | |
03:58 | The particles are always moving . The more energy the | |
04:00 | particles have , the faster they move . So even | |
04:04 | for a solid object . So the computer you're watching | |
04:06 | on this on your hand , your desk , all | |
04:11 | the particles that make up that desk or hand or | |
04:14 | computer are moving a little bit to the extent or | |
04:19 | the extent to which they move around determines whether a | |
04:22 | solid liquid or gas . But they're all moving a | |
04:25 | little bit . And there are attractive forces between the | |
04:29 | particles . These forces are stronger when the particles are | |
04:33 | closer together . So the three particles here they're fairly | |
04:36 | close together there , very attracted to each other , | |
04:39 | whereas this one off by itself at the bottom is | |
04:42 | not as attracted to the other ones . So how | |
04:46 | does the particle theory relate to the states of matter | |
04:50 | ? As energy is added to particles , they move | |
04:53 | around more . This causes the bonds between the particles | |
04:56 | to weaken . So here we have some very low | |
04:59 | energy particles . This is a solid . Now , | |
05:04 | if this solid is an absolute zero . Um , | |
05:07 | then it's not gonna be moving around at all . | |
05:10 | But as we add a little bit of energy to | |
05:11 | it , a little bit of heat , um , | |
05:14 | those particles will start to jiggle around more , so | |
05:16 | it's still a solid No . One . None of | |
05:18 | the particles have are moving past each other , but | |
05:20 | they kind of shake in place . Now , when | |
05:24 | you add even more energy , the particles get so | |
05:27 | much energy that they move past each other . So | |
05:30 | if they can slide past each other and move around | |
05:33 | , that substance is now a liquid . Then , | |
05:37 | as you add even more energy , uh , the | |
05:40 | particles are no longer bonded to each other , so | |
05:43 | they're flying around randomly . The substance is now a | |
05:46 | gas . These are very high energy particles . You | |
05:49 | can tell by the looks on their faces . Now | |
05:53 | , evaporation is when something turns from a liquid to | |
05:57 | a gas , and that happens at 100 degrees Celsius | |
06:01 | . But you may think , Well , why is | |
06:03 | it that puddles disappear ? Puddles evaporate , but it's | |
06:06 | not 100 degrees out . And the reason why is | |
06:09 | because when those particles are just randomly moving around in | |
06:12 | a puddle , um , some of them will be | |
06:15 | close to the air , and some of them have | |
06:18 | randomly just enough energy to pop up into the air | |
06:22 | and start floating around and be a gas . Um | |
06:26 | , so although the temperature of a puddle is determined | |
06:29 | by the average temperature of all the particles , um | |
06:33 | , some particles have more energy than others . And | |
06:35 | if those particles are found at the top of the | |
06:37 | puddle right next to the air , they may have | |
06:40 | enough energy to sort of just sort of bounce off | |
06:42 | the puddle and disappear into the air . So that's | |
06:45 | why puddles evaporate , if you were wondering , right | |
06:48 | , so that's it for this video tune into the | |
06:50 | next video , which will be mixtures and pure substances | |
00:0-1 | . |
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